Table Of Contents Introduction Table 1Effects Of LSD A Brief Foray In

Table of Contents Introduction Table 1:Effects of LSD A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences The Suspects Figure 1: Structure of LSD Overview of Synaptic Transmission Theory: LSD Pre-synaptically Inhibits 5-HT Neurons Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Antagonizes 5-HT2 Receptors Figure 2: LSD Binding at 5-HT2 Receptor Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Partially Agonizes 5-HT2 Receptors Theory: LSD Post-synaptically Agonizes 5-HT1 Receptors Conclusion References Introduction The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late 60s, LSD became popular a s a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational use of the drug has dropped, a recent report on CNN claimed that 4.4% of 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD (1/2 - 2 ug/kg body weight) result in a number of system wide effects that could be classified into somatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categories. These effects can last between 5 and 14 hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD 1, 2, 3 Somatic Psychological Cognitive Perceptual mydriasis hallucinations disturbed thought processes increased stimulus from environment hyperglycemia depersonalization difficulty expressing thoughts changes in shape/color hyperthermia reliving of repressed memories impairment of reasoning synaesthesia (running together of sensory modalities) piloerection mood swings (related to set and setting) impairment of memory - esp. integration of short -> long term disturbed perception of time vomiting euphoria lachrymation megalomania hypotension schizophrenic-like state respiratory effects are stimulated at low doses and depressed at higher doses reduced "defenses", subject to "power of suggestion" brachycardia The study of hallucinogens such as LSD is fundamental to the neurosciences. Science thrives on mystery and contradiction; i ndeed without these it stagnates. The pronounced effects that hallucinogens have throughout the nervous system have served as potent demonstrations of difficult to explain behavior. The attempts to unravel the mechanisms of hallucinogens are closely tied to basic research in the physiology of neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, neural structures, and their relation to behavior. This paper will first examine the relationship between neural activity and behavior. It will then discuss some of the neural populations and neurotransmitters that are believed to by effected by LSD. The paper will conclude with a more detailed discussion of possible ways that LSD can effect the neurotransmitter receptors which are probably ultimately responsible for its LSD. A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences Modern physics is divided by two descriptions of the universe: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Many physicists have faith that at some point a "Grand Unified Theory" will be developed which will provide a unified description of the universe from subatomic particles to the movement of the planets. Like in physics, the cognitive sciences can describe the brain at different levels of abstraction. For example, neurobiologists study brain function at the level of neurons while psychologists look for the laws describing behavior and cognitive mechanisms. Also like in physics, many in these fields believe that it is possible that one day we will be able to understand complicated behaviors in terms of neuronal mechanisms. Others believe that this unification isn't possible even in theory because there is some metaphysical quality to consciousness that transcends neural firing patterns. Even if consciousness can't be described by a "Grand Unified Theory" of the cognitive sciences, it is apparent that many of our cognitive mechanisms and behaviors can. While research on the level of neurons and psychological mechanisms is fairly well developed, the area in between these is rather murky. Some progress has been made however. Cognitive scientists have been able to associate mechanisms with areas of the brain and have also been able to describe the effects on these systems by various neurotransmitters. For example, disruption of hippocampal activity has been found to result in a deficiency in consolidating short term to long term memory. Cognitive disorders such as

Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign Cultures

Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign Cultures Free Online Research Papers Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign Cultures I propose to my host family that they should grow in the virtue of patient tolerance, benevolent understanding, and tactful sincerity. When a student from foreign culture desires to leave his home country and travel far and wide to totally new places to continue his education, sometimes he might choose to acquire the services of a home-stay family. For most of the time you would be very lucky and find an excellent host, who would take good care of you, show you around in the city and introduce you to their cultural habits with patience, understanding and genuine sincerity. I guess I was just not so lucky. Throughout my 3 weeks stay with my last host-family, I look back now and still remember the unjust that had been brought upon me during which. From my spider-infested room to the never-once-cleaned toilet for 3 consecutive weeks, which was shared between me and my roommate each and everyday; from the numerous complains of me sleeping too late at eleven at night as oppose to eight like they do, to the stubbornness of my hostess where she insisted that she and only she could cook and that the kitchen is off-limits for us, while her cooking are sometimes highly unaccustomed to me and bordering inedible. Now that I have been asked to leave earlier this week, by far the busiest week since the start of this quarter, and had finally moved out with much hassle and difficulty, I would like to make a few modest suggestions to Mr. and Mrs. Smith personally, my last Host and Hostess that they might find useful on how to improve on their hosting skills for future references, and I have grouped them into 3 main points: To have the house rules and regulations written in black and white, and not to change them depending on their mood. So the guest would be able to know how to act accordingly. To compromise a work-sleep schedule before the student even moved in. This is an important agreement since the now-vacant room is right above the master bedroom, to which I doubt there are any full-time students who would be asleep at 8 o’clock every night, or simply becomes immobile after that time. To have more patience for the students especially when they are from other cultures, and for that they might not be as familiar with the daily routines as the students themselves would like to be. Last but not least, to try to pay more attention to general hygiene, whether preparing food or simply the hygiene of the environment around the household Of course one might yell at the top of her lungs: â€Å"If you want to live under my roof, you better obey my rules and there is not exception for that,† and kicking her oven door shut to strengthen her point. I would agree with that completely. Of course if you are a guest and is living in someone else’s home, it is only reasonable for you to obey any rules the host deems necessary. However, it is not the same thing if you failed to mention your way of doing things during the first interviews with your potential home-stay guests, while saying you would consider yourself as an â€Å"open-minded person† and â€Å"respects every student’s individuality† neighboring deception, fraud. Therefore, I propose to the Smiths that they should re-consider if their home is fit for taking in students when you expect them you pay you and anticipate nothing in return, also to observe the suggestions I made, just in case there is actually an ounce of truth genuineness in them. Research Papers on Possible Improvements in Becoming More Fitting Hosts for Students from Foreign CulturesStandardized TestingThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Information Security Program Survey Research Paper - 1

Information Security Program Survey - Research Paper Example In protecting its information data, the department involves five offices in its organization to effectively secure data in their possession. These offices are the chief technology officer’s council, the chief information officer’s council, the chief information security officer’s workgroup, and the enterprises architecture workgroup. This paper seeks to analyze information security concepts in relation to the roles of the Chief Information Officers Council (HHS.gov, 2012). Information security programs protect the information the organization gathers, creates, processes, transmits and stores. One of the information security programs the organization applies is the use of computerized system to store sensitive information pertaining to personal employee information, various departments financial and management operations, information pertaining to the medical records of millions of American seeking financial aid through the various insurance programs it operates, such as medicare (HHS.gov, 2012). Computerized system of storing and disseminating data is vulnerable to unwarranted entry and hackers from the cyber space. This has an effect of loss of data, and availability of sensitive and highly confidential information to unwarranted recipients. To protect against these risks, the United States congress, in 2002 passed a legislature requiring all Federal institutions to initiate security measures, aimed at protecting their information systems. The statute is referred to as Federal Information Security Management Act, of 2002. In response to this act, the department of Health and Human Services formed the department of the Chief Information Officer (HHS OCIO), whose role is to advice the secretary, and his assistant on all issues pertaining to information security that pertain to the achievement of the organizations goals (HHS.gov, 2012). The office of OCIO develops programs that protect the